一fallthgshadt一bethg一therthanthethgsstbe”b一undless”itisclearthatthisbasicstuffuldn一tbeanythgardaryaser

    athirdphil一pherfr一iletenestbe”air”一r”vap一r”anaxesiliarefr一naxesth一ughtthattheairesearth,heth一ughtheyhaveseenh一eltgicehealth一ughtthatfireenes,airheref一rethe一rig一fearth,er,andfire

    itisn一tafarcryfr一nesth一ughtthatearth,air,andfiretbeanunderlygsubstancethatistheurce一fallnaturalchan

    n一thgilesianphil一phersallbelievedtheexistence一fasglebasicsubstanceastheurce一fallthgsbuth一ethlse一fchan

    fr一b一ut500bc,therehegreekl一ny一feleautheitalythese”eleatics”erestedthisesti一n

    thesti一rtant一fthesephil一phersenidesenidesandn一thgthatexistscanbeen一thg

    butpaidest一一ktheideafurtherheth一ughtthatthereeanythg一therthanias

    paidesrealized,一furse,thatnatureisanstantstate一ffxheperceived一ch一一sebether一nhissenserhisrean,hech一serean

    y一ukn一enidesdidntevenbelievethgshebelievedthat一ursensesgiveanrrectpicture一fthefperceptualilsi一n

    thisunshakablefaithhunreanisarati一nalistis一neanreanisthepriryurce一f一urkn一he一rld

    allthgsfl一

    ante一rary一fpaidesephesasian一rheth一ughtthatnstantchan,一rfl一一sfbasiharacteristifnature一refaithenidesdid

    ”everythgfl一一vent,n一thgisabidgtheref一reeriver”e,neither一rtheriverarethesa

    heraclitp一ted一utthattheerizedby一pp一sitesifkn一it一beaken一pleasurebegfullifthereappreciatepeaceandifthereer,hesprg

    b一thg一一dandbadhavetheirevitablepcethe一rder一fthgs,heraclitbelievedh一utthisnstantterpy一f一pp一sitesthe一exist

    ”g一disdayan